World Population

World population estimates from 1800 to 2100, based on "high", "medium" and "low" United Nations projections in 2015 and UN historical estimates for pre-1950 data
Population growth graph generated with data supplied by World Bank, via Google
World population percentage by country

In demographics, the world population is the total number of humans currently living, and was estimated to have reached 7.7 billion people as of November 2018.[1] It took over 200,000 years of human history for the world's population to reach 1 billion;[2] and only 200 years more to reach 7 billion.[3]

World population has experienced continuous growth since the end of the Great Famine of 1315-17 and the Black Death in 1350, when it was near 370 million.[4] The highest population growth rates - global population increases above 1.8% per year - occurred between 1955 and 1975, peaking to 2.06% between 1965 and 1970.[5] The growth rate has declined to 1.18% between 2010 and 2015 and is projected to decline further in the course of the 21st century.[5]

Total annual births were highest in the late 1980s at about 139 million,[6] and as of 2011 were expected to remain essentially constant at a level of 135 million,[7] while deaths numbered 56 million per year and were expected to increase to 80 million per year by 2040.[8] The median age of the world's population was estimated to be 30.4 years in 2018.[9]

World population (millions, UN estimates)[10]
# Top ten most populous countries 2000 2015 2030*
1 China* 1,270 1,376 1,416
2 India 1,053 1,311 1,528
3 United States 283 322 356
4 Indonesia 212 258 295
5 Pakistan 136 208 245
6 Brazil 176 206 228
7 Nigeria 123 182 263
9 Russia 146 146 149
10 Mexico 103 127 148
World total 6,127 7,349 8,501
Notes:

## Population by region

Six of the Earth's seven continents are permanently inhabited on a large scale. Asia is the most populous continent, with its 4.54 billion inhabitants accounting for 60% of the world population. The world's two most populated countries, China and India, together constitute about 36% of the world's population. Africa is the second most populated continent, with around 1.28 billion people, or 16% of the world's population. Europe's 742 million people make up 10% of the world's population as of 2018, while the Latin American and Caribbean regions are home to around 651 million (9%). Northern America, primarily consisting of the United States and Canada, has a population of around 363 million (5%), and Oceania, the least populated region, has about 41 million inhabitants (0.5%).[11] Though it is not permanently inhabited by any fixed population, Antarctica has a small, fluctuating international population based mainly in polar science stations. This population tends to rise in the summer months and decrease significantly in winter, as visiting researchers return to their home countries.[12]

### Population by continent

Population by continent (2016 estimates)
Continent Density
(inhabitants/km2)
Population
(millions)
Most populous country Most populous city (metropolitan area)
Asia 96.4 4,436 1,382,300,000[note 1] -  China 35,676,000/13,634,685 - Greater Tokyo Area/Tokyo Metropolis
Africa 36.7 1,216 0186,987,000 -  Nigeria 21,000,000 - Lagos
Europe 72.9 738 0145,939,000 -  Russia;
approx. 112 million in Europe)
15,029,231 - Istanbul[13]
North America[note 2] 22.9 579 0324,991,600 -  United States 23,723,696/8,537,673 - New York Metropolitan Area/New York City
South America 22.8 422 0209,567,000 -  Brazil 27,640,577/11,316,149 - Metro Area/São Paulo City
Oceania 4.5 39.9 0024,458,800 -  Australia 5,005,400 - Sydney
Antarctica 0.0003
(varies)
0.004 in summer
(non-permanent, varies)[12]
N/A[note 3] 1,200 (non-permanent, varies) - McMurdo Station

## History

Estimates of world population by their nature are an aspect of modernity, possible only since the Age of Discovery. Early estimates for the population of the world[14] date to the 17th century: William Petty in 1682 estimated world population at 320 million (modern estimates ranging close to twice this number); by the late 18th century, estimates ranged close to one billion (consistent with modern estimates).[15] More refined estimates, broken down by continents, were published in the first half of the 19th century, at 600 to 1000 million in the early 1800s and at 800 to 1000 million in the 1840s.[16]

It is difficult for estimates to be better than rough approximations, as even modern population estimates are fraught with uncertainties on the order of 3% to 5%.[17]

### Ancient and Post-classical history

Estimates of the population of the world at the time agriculture emerged in around 10,000 BC have ranged between 1 million and 15 million.[18][19] Even earlier, genetic evidence suggests humans may have gone through a population bottleneck of between 1,000 and 10,000 people about 70,000 BC, according to the Toba catastrophe theory. By contrast, it is estimated that around 50-60 million people lived in the combined eastern and western Roman Empire in the 4th century AD.[20]

The Plague of Justinian, which first emerged during the reign of the Roman emperor Justinian, caused Europe's population to drop by around 50% between the 6th and 8th centuries AD.[21] The population of Europe was more than 70 million in 1340.[22] The Black Death pandemic of the 14th century may have reduced the world's population from an estimated 450 million in 1340 to between 350 and 375 million in 1400;[23] it took 200 years for population figures to recover.[24] The population of China decreased from 123 million in 1200 to 65 million in 1393,[25] presumably due to a combination of Mongol invasions, famine, and plague.[26]

Starting in AD 2, the Han Dynasty of ancient China kept consistent family registers in order to properly assess the poll taxes and labor service duties of each household.[27] In that year, the population of Western Han was recorded as 57,671,400 individuals in 12,366,470 households, decreasing to 47,566,772 individuals in 9,348,227 households by AD 146, towards the End of the Han Dynasty.[27] At the founding of the Ming Dynasty in 1368, China's population was reported to be close to 60 million; toward the end of the dynasty in 1644, it may have approached 150 million.[28] England's population reached an estimated 5.6 million in 1650, up from an estimated 2.6 million in 1500.[29] New crops that were brought to Asia and Europe from the Americas by Portuguese and Spanish colonists in the 16th century are believed to have contributed to population growth.[30][31][32] Since their introduction to Africa by Portuguese traders in the 16th century,[33]maize and cassava have similarly replaced traditional African crops as the most important staple food crops grown on the continent.[34]

The pre-Columbian North American population probably numbered somewhere between 2 million and 18 million.[35] Encounters between European explorers and populations in the rest of the world often introduced local epidemics of extraordinary virulence.[36] According to the most extreme scholarly claims, as many as 90% of the Native American population of the New World died due to Old World diseases such as smallpox, measles and influenza.[37] Over the centuries, the Europeans had developed high degrees of immunity to these diseases, while the indigenous peoples had no such immunity.[38]

### Modern history

Map showing urban areas with at least one million inhabitants in 2006. Only 3% of the world's population lived in urban areas in 1800; this proportion had risen to 47% by 2000, and reached 50.5% by 2010.[39] By 2050, the proportion may reach 70%.[40]

During the European Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions, the life expectancy of children increased dramatically.[41] The percentage of the children born in London who died before the age of five decreased from 74.5% in 1730-1749 to 31.8% in 1810-1829.[42][43] Between 1700 and 1900, Europe's population increased from about 100 million to over 400 million.[44] Altogether, the areas populated by people of European descent comprised 36% of the world's population in 1900.[45]

Population growth in the West became more rapid after the introduction of vaccination and other improvements in medicine and sanitation.[46] Improved material conditions led to the population of Britain increasing from 10 million to 40 million in the 19th century.[47] The population of the United Kingdom reached 60 million in 2006.[48] The United States saw its population grow from around 5.3 million in 1800 to 106 million in 1920, exceeding 307 million in 2010.[49]

The first half of the 20th century in Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union was marked by a succession of major wars, famines and other disasters which caused large-scale population losses (approximately 60 million excess deaths).[50][51] After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia's population declined significantly - from 150 million in 1991 to 143 million in 2012[52] - but by 2013 this decline appeared to have halted.[53]

Many countries in the developing world have experienced extremely rapid population growth since the early 20th century, due to economic development and improvements in public health. China's population rose from approximately 430 million in 1850 to 580 million in 1953,[54] and now stands at over 1.3 billion. The population of the Indian subcontinent, which was about 125 million in 1750, increased to 389 million in 1941;[55] today, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh are collectively home to about 1.63 billion people.[56]Java had about 5 million inhabitants in 1815; its present-day successor, Indonesia, now has a population of over 140 million.[57] In just one hundred years, the population of Brazil decupled (x10), from about 17 million in 1900, or about 1% of the world population in that year, to about 176 million in 2000, or almost 3% of the global population in the very early 21st century. Mexico's population grew from 13.6 million in 1900 to about 112 million in 2010.[58][59] Between the 1920s and 2000s, Kenya's population grew from 2.9 million to 37 million.[60]

### Milestones by the billions

World population milestones in billions
Population 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Year 1804 1927 1960 1974 1987 1999 2011 2024 2042
Years elapsed -- 123 33 14 13 12 12 13 18

It is estimated that the world population reached one billion for the first time in 1804. It was another 123 years before it reached two billion in 1927, but it took only 33 years to reach three billion in 1960.[61] Thereafter, the global population reached four billion in 1974, five billion in 1987, six billion in 1999 and, according to the United States Census Bureau, seven billion in March 2012.[62] The United Nations, however, estimated that the world population reached seven billion in October 2011.[63][64][65]

According to current projections, the global population will reach eight billion by 2024, and is likely to reach around nine billion by 2042. Alternative scenarios for 2050 range from a low of 7.4 billion to a high of more than 10.6 billion.[66] Projected figures vary depending on underlying statistical assumptions and the variables used in projection calculations, especially the fertility variable. Long-range predictions to 2150 range from a population decline to 3.2 billion in the "low scenario", to "high scenarios" of 24.8 billion.[66] One extreme scenario predicted a massive increase to 256 billion by 2150, assuming the global fertility rate remained at its 1995 level of 3.04 children per woman; however, by 2010 the global fertility rate had declined to 2.52.[67][68]

There is no estimation for the exact day or month the world's population surpassed one or two billion. The points at which it reached three and four billion were not officially noted, but the International Database of the United States Census Bureau placed them in July 1959 and April 1974 respectively. The United Nations did determine, and commemorate, the "Day of 5 Billion" on July 11, 1987, and the "Day of 6 Billion" on October 12, 1999. The Population Division of the United Nations declared the "Day of 7 Billion" to be October 31, 2011.[69][needs update]

## Global demographics

 >80   77.5-80   75-77.5   72.5-75   70-72.5 67.5-70   65-67.5   60-65   55-60   50-55
2015 map showing average life expectancy by country in years. In 2015, the World Health Organization estimated the average global life expectancy as 71.4 years.[70]

As of 2012, the global sex ratio is approximately 1.01 males to 1 female. The greater number of men is possibly due to the significant sex imbalances evident in the Indian and Chinese populations.[71][72] Approximately 26.3% of the global population is aged under 15, while 65.9% is aged 15-64 and 7.9% is aged 65 or over.[71] The median age of the world's population was estimated to be 29.7 years in 2014,[73] and is expected to rise to 37.9 years by 2050.[74]

According to the World Health Organization, the global average life expectancy is 71.4 years as of 2015, with women living an average of 74 years and men approximately 69 years.[70] In 2010, the global fertility rate was estimated at 2.52 children per woman.[68] In June 2012, British researchers calculated the total weight of Earth's human population as approximately 287 million tonnes, with the average person weighing around 62 kilograms (137 lb).[75]

The CIA estimated nominal 2013 gross world product at US$74.31 trillion, giving an annual global per capita figure of around US$10,500.[76] Around 1.29 billion people (18.4% of the world population) live in extreme poverty, subsisting on less than US$1.25 per day;[77] approximately 870 million people (12.25%) are undernourished.[78] 83% of the world's over-15s are considered literate.[71] In June 2014, there were around 3.03 billion global Internet users, constituting 42.3% of the world population.[79] The Han Chinese are the world's largest single ethnic group, constituting over 19% of the global population in 2011.[80] The world's most-spoken first languages are Mandarin Chinese (spoken by 12.44% of the world's population), Spanish (4.85%), English (4.83%), Arabic (3.25%) and Hindustani (2.68%).[71] The world's largest religion is Christianity, whose adherents account for 31% of the global population; Islam is the second-largest religion, accounting for 24.1%, and Hinduism the third, accounting for 13.78%.[71] In 2005, around 16% of the global population were reported to be non-religious.[81] ## Largest populations by country A map of world population in 2014 ### 10 most populous countries Rank Country / Territory Population Date % of world population Source 1 China[note 4] 1,395,210,000 November 16, 2018 18.2% [82] 2 India 1,339,630,000 November 16, 2018 17.5% [83] 3 United States 328,184,000 November 16, 2018 4.28% [84] 4 Indonesia 265,015,300 July 1, 2018 3.46% [85] 5 Pakistan 212,742,631 May 25, 2017 2.78% [86] 6 Brazil 209,855,000 November 16, 2018 2.74% [87] 7 Nigeria 188,500,000 October 31, 2016 2.46% [88] 8 Bangladesh 165,542,000 November 16, 2018 2.16% [89] 9 Russia[note 5] 146,877,088 January 1, 2018 1.92% [90] 10 Japan 126,440,000 October 1, 2018 1.65% [91] Approximately 4.38 billion people live in these ten countries, representing around 57% of the world's population as of July 2018. ### Most densely populated countries The tables below list the world's most densely populated countries, both in absolute terms and in comparison to their total populations. Population density (people per km2) map of the world in 1994. Red and pink areas denote regions of highest population density. 10 most densely populated countries (with population above 5 million) Rank Country Population Area (km2) Density (Pop. per km2) 1 Singapore 5,638,700 710 7,942 2 Bangladesh 165,540,000 143,998 1,150 3 Taiwan 23,577,488 36,193 651 4 Lebanon 6,093,509 10,452 583 5 South Korea 51,635,256 99,538 519 6 Rwanda 12,001,136 26,338 456 7 Netherlands 17,270,000 41,526 416 8 Haiti 11,112,945 27,065 411 9 India 1,339,630,000 3,287,240 408 10 Israel 8,950,000 22,072 405 Countries ranking highly in both total population (more than 20 million people) and population density (more than 250 people per square kilometer): Rank Country Population Area (km2) Density (Pop. per km2) Notes 1 India 1,339,630,000 3,287,240 408 Growing population 2 Pakistan 202,690,000 803,940 252 Rapidly growing population 3 Bangladesh 165,540,000 143,998 1,150 Rapidly growing population 4 Japan 126,420,000 377,873 335 Declining population[92] 5 Philippines 106,770,000 300,000 356 Growing population 6 Vietnam 94,660,000 331,689 285 Growing population 7 United Kingdom 66,040,229 243,610 271 Slowly growing population 8 South Korea 51,635,256 99,538 519 Slowly growing population 9 Taiwan 23,577,488 36,193 651 Steady population 10 Sri Lanka 21,670,000 65,610 330 Growing population ## Fluctuation Estimates of population evolution in different continents between 1950 and 2050, according to the United Nations. The vertical axis is logarithmic and is in millions of people. Population size fluctuates at differing rates in differing regions. Nonetheless, population growth is the long-standing trend on all inhabited continents, as well as in most individual states. During the 20th century, the global population saw its greatest increase in known history, rising from about 1.6 billion in 1900 to over 6 billion in 2000. A number of factors contributed to this increase, including the lessening of the mortality rate in many countries by improved sanitation and medical advances, and a massive increase in agricultural productivity attributed to the Green Revolution.[93][94][95] In 2000, the United Nations estimated that the world's population was growing at an annual rate of 1.14% (equivalent to around 75 million people),[96] down from a peak of 88 million per year in 1989. By 2000, there were approximately ten times as many people on Earth as there had been in 1700. Globally, the population growth rate has been steadily declining from its peak of 2.19% in 1963, but growth remains high in Latin America, the Middle East, and Sub-Saharan Africa.[97] Map of countries by fertility rate (2018), according to CIA World Factbook During the 2010s, Japan and some countries in Europe began to encounter negative population growth (i.e. a net decrease in population over time), due to sub-replacement fertility rates.[92] In 2006, the United Nations stated that the rate of population growth was visibly diminishing due to the ongoing global demographic transition. If this trend continues, the rate of growth may diminish to zero by 2050, concurrent with a world population plateau of 9.2 billion.[98] However, this is only one of many estimates published by the UN; in 2009, UN population projections for 2050 ranged between around 8 billion and 10.5 billion.[99] An alternative scenario is given by the statistician Jorgen Randers, who argues that traditional projections insufficiently take into account the downward impact of global urbanization on fertility. Randers' "most likely scenario" reveals a peak in the world population in the early 2040s at about 8.1 billion people, followed by decline.[100] Adrian Raftery, a University of Washington professor of statistics and of sociology, states that "there's a 70 percent probability the world population will not stabilize this century. Population, which had sort of fallen off the world's agenda, remains a very important issue."[101] ### Population growth by region The table below shows historical and predicted regional population figures in millions.[102][103][104] The availability of historical population figures varies by region. World historical and predicted populations (in millions)[105][106][107] Region 1500 1600 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 1999 2008 2010 2012 2050 2150 World 585 660 710 791 978 1,262 1,650 2,521 6,008 6,707 6,896 7,052 9,725 9,746 Africa 86 114 106 106 107 111 133 221 783 973 1,022 1,052 2,478 2,308 Asia 282 350 411 502 635 809 947 1,402 3,700 4,054 4,164 4,250 5,267 5,561 Europe 168 170 178 190 203 276 408 547 675 732 738 740 734 517 Latin America[Note 1] 40 20 10 16 24 38 74 167 508 577 590 603 784 912 North America[Note 1] 6 3 2 2 7 26 82 172 312 337 345 351 433 398 Oceania 3 3 3 2 2 2 6 13 30 34 37 38 57 51 World historical and predicted populations by percentage distribution[105][106] Region 1500 1600 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 1999 2008 2010 2012 2050 2150 Africa 14.7 17.3 14.9 13.4 10.9 8.8 8.1 8.8 13.0 14.5 14.8 15.2 25.48 23.7 Asia 48.2 53.0 57.9 63.5 64.9 64.1 57.4 55.6 61.6 60.4 60.4 60.3 54.16 57.1 Europe 28.7 25.8 25.1 20.6 20.8 21.9 24.7 21.7 11.2 10.9 10.7 10.5 7.55 5.3 Latin America[Note 1] 6.8 3.0 1.4 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.5 6.6 8.5 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.06 9.4 North America[Note 1] 1.0 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.7 2.1 5.0 6.8 5.2 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.45 4.1 Oceania 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.59 0.5 ### Past population The following table gives estimates, in millions, of population in the past. The data for 1750 to 1900 are from the UN report "The World at Six Billion"[108] whereas the data from 1950 to 2015 are from a UN data sheet.[10] Year World Africa Asia Europe Latin America & Carib.[Note 1] North America[Note 1] Oceania Notes 70,000 BC < 0.015 0 0 [109] 10,000 BC 4 [110] 8000 BC 5 6500 BC 5 5000 BC 5 4000 BC 7 3000 BC 14 2000 BC 27 1000 BC 50 7 33 9 [] 500 BC 100 14 66 16 AD 1 200 23 141 28 1000 400 70 269 50 8 1 2 1500 458 86 243 84 39 3 3 1600 580 114 339 111 10 3 3 1700 682 106 436 125 10 2 3 1750 791 106 502 163 16 2 2 1800 1,000 107 656 203 24 7 3 1850 1,262 111 809 276 38 26 2 1900 1,650 133 947 408 74 82 6 1950 2,525 229 1,394 549 169 172 12.7 [111] 1955 2,758 254 1,534 577 193 187 14.2 1960 3,018 285 1,687 606 221 204 15.8 1965 3,322 322 1,875 635 254 219 17.5 1970 3,682 366 2,120 657 288 231 19.7 1975 4,061 416 2,378 677 326 242 21.5 1980 4,440 478 2,626 694 365 254 23.0 1985 4,853 550 2,897 708 406 267 24.9 1990 5,310 632 3,202 721 447 281 27.0 1995 5,735 720 3,475 728 487 296 29.1 2000 6,127 814 3,714 726 527 314 31.1 2005 6,520 920 3,945 729 564 329 33.4 2010 6,930 1,044 4,170 735 600 344 36.4 2015 7,349 1,186 4,393 738 634 358 39.3 Using the above figures, the change in population from 2010 to 2015 was: • World: +420 million • Africa: +142 million • Asia: +223 million • Europe: +3 million • Latin America and Caribbean: +35 million • Northern America: +14 million • Oceania: +2.9 million 1. Northern America comprises the northern-most countries and territories of North America: Canada, the United States, Greenland, Bermuda, and St. Pierre and Miquelon. Latin America comprises Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, and South America. ### Projections Long-term global population growth is difficult to predict. The United Nations and the US Census Bureau both give different estimates - according to the UN, the world population reached seven billion in late 2011,[102] while the USCB asserted that this occurred in March 2012.[113] The UN has issued multiple projections of future world population, based on different assumptions. From 2000 to 2005, the UN consistently revised these projections downward, until the 2006 revision, issued on March 14, 2007, revised the 2050 mid-range estimate upwards by 273 million. Average global birth rates are declining fast, but vary greatly between developed countries (where birth rates are often at or below replacement levels) and developing countries (where birth rates typically remain high). Different ethnicities also display varying birth rates. Death rates can change rapidly due to disease epidemics, wars and other mass catastrophes, or advances in medicine. 2012 United projections show a continued increase in population in the near future with a steady decline in population growth rate; the global population is expected to reach between 8.3 and 10.9 billion by 2050.[114][115] 2003 UN Population Division population projections for the year 2150 range between 3.2 and 24.8 billion.[67] One of many independent mathematical models supports the lower estimate,[116] while a 2014 estimate forecasts between 9.3 and 12.6 billion in 2100, and continued growth thereafter.[117][118] Some analysts have questioned the sustainability of further world population growth, highlighting the growing pressures on the environment, global food supplies, and energy resources.[119][120][121] UN (medium variant - 2012 revision) and US Census Bureau (June 2015) estimates[122][123] Year UN est. (millions) Difference USCB est. (millions) Difference 2005 6,514 - 6,473 - 2010 6,916 402 6,866 393 2015 7,324 408 7,256 390 2020 7,717 393 7,643 380 2025 8,083 366 8,007 363 2030 8,425 342 8,341 334 2035 8,743 318 8,646 306 2040 9,039 296 8,926 280 2045 9,308 269 9,180 254 2050 9,551 243 9,408 228 UN 2012 estimates and medium variant projections (in millions)[122] Year World Asia Africa Europe Latin America/Caribbean Northern America Oceania 2010 6,916 4,165 (60.2%) 1,031 (14.9%) 740 (10.7%) 596 (8.6%) 347 (5.0%) 37 (0.5%) 2015 7,324 4,385 (59.9%) 1,166 (15.9%) 743 (10.1%) 630 (8.6%) 361 (4.9%) 39 (0.5%) 2020 7,717 4,582 (59.4%) 1,312 (17.0%) 744 (9.6%) 662 (8.6%) 376 (4.9%) 42 (0.5%) 2025 8,083 4,749 (58.8%) 1,468 (18.2%) 741 (9.2%) 691 (8.5%) 390 (4.8%) 45 (0.6%) 2030 8,425 4,887 (58.0%) 1,634 (19.4%) 736 (8.7%) 717 (8.5%) 403 (4.8%) 47 (0.6%) 2035 8,743 4,997 (57.2%) 1,812 (20.7%) 730 (8.3%) 739 (8.5%) 415 (4.8%) 50 (0.6%) 2040 9,039 5,080 (56.2%) 1,999 (22.1%) 724 (8.0%) 757 (8.4%) 426 (4.8%) 52 (0.6%) 2045 9,308 5,136 (55.2%) 2,194 (23.6%) 717 (7.7%) 771 (8.3%) 436 (4.7%) 55 (0.6%) 2050 9,551 5,164 (54.1%) 2,393 (25.1%) 709 (7.4%) 782 (8.2%) 446 (4.7%) 57 (0.6%) 2055 9,766 5,168 (52.9%) 2,595 (26.6%) 700 (7.2%) 788 (8.1%) 456 (4.7%) 59 (0.6%) 2060 9,957 5,152 (51.7%) 2,797 (28.1%) 691 (6.9%) 791 (7.9%) 465 (4.7%) 61 (0.6%) 2065 10,127 5,120 (50.6%) 2,998 (29.6%) 681 (6.7%) 791 (7.8%) 474 (4.7%) 63 (0.6%) 2070 10,277 5,075 (49.4%) 3,195 (31.1%) 673 (6.5%) 788 (7.6%) 482 (4.7%) 64 (0.6%) 2075 10,409 5,019 (48.2%) 3,387 (32.5%) 665 (6.4%) 783 (7.5%) 490 (4.7%) 66 (0.6%) 2080 10,524 4,957 (47.1%) 3,570 (33.9%) 659 (6.3%) 776 (7.4%) 496 (4.7%) 67 (0.6%) 2085 10,626 4,894 (46.1%) 3,742 (35.2%) 653 (6.1%) 767 (7.2%) 502 (4.7%) 68 (0.6%) 2090 10,717 4,833 (45.1%) 3,903 (36.4%) 649 (6.1%) 757 (7.1%) 506 (4.7%) 69 (0.6%) 2095 10,794 4,773 (44.2%) 4,051 (37.6%) 644 (6.0%) 747 (6.9%) 510 (4.7%) 69 (0.6%) 2100 10,854 4,712 (43.4%) 4,185 (38.6%) 639 (5.9%) 736 (6.8%) 513 (4.7%) 70 (0.6%) ## Mathematical approximations In 1975, Sebastian von Hoerner proposed a formula for population growth which represented hyperbolic growth with an infinite population in 2025.[124] The hyperbolic growth of the world population observed until the 1970s was later correlated to a non-linear second order positive feedback between demographic growth and technological development. This feedback can be described as follows: technological advance -> increase in the carrying capacity of land for people -> demographic growth -> more people -> more potential inventors -> acceleration of technological advance -> accelerating growth of the carrying capacity -> faster population growth -> accelerating growth of the number of potential inventors -> faster technological advance -> hence, the faster growth of the Earth's carrying capacity for people, and so on.[125] The transition from hyperbolic growth to slower rates of growth is related to the demographic transition. According to the Russian demographer Sergey Kapitsa,[126] the world population grew between 67,000 BC and 1965 according to the following formula: ${\displaystyle N={\frac {C}{\tau }}\operatorname {arccot} {\frac {T_{0}-T}{\tau }}}$ where • N is current population • T is the current year • C = (1.86±0.01)·1011 • T0 = 2007±1 • ${\displaystyle \tau }$ = 42±1 ### Years for world population to double According to linear interpolation and extrapolation of UNDESA population estimates, the world population has doubled, or will double, in the years listed in the tables below (with two different starting points). During the 2nd millennium, each doubling took roughly half as long as the previous doubling, fitting the hyperbolic growth model mentioned above. However, after 2024, it is unlikely that there will be another doubling of the global population in the 21st century.[127] Historic chart showing the periods of time the world population has taken to double, from 1700 to 2000 Starting at 500 million Population (in billions) 0.5 1 2 4 8 Year 1500 1804 1927 1974 2024 Years elapsed 304 123 47 50 Starting at 375 million Population (in billions) 0.375 0.75 1.5 3 6 Year 1171 1715 1881 1960 1999 Years elapsed 544 166 79 39 ## Overpopulation ### Predictions of scarcity Greater Los Angeles lies on a coastal mediterranean savannah with a small watershed that is able to support at most one million people on its own water; as of 2015, the area has a population of over 18 million. Researchers predict that similar cases of resource scarcity will grow more common as the world population increases.[128] In his 1798 work An Essay on the Principle of Population, the British scholar Thomas Malthus incorrectly predicted that continued population growth would exhaust the global food supply by the mid-19th century. Malthus wrote the essay to refute what he considered the unattainable utopian ideas of William Godwin and Marquis de Condorcet, as presented in Political Justice and The Future Progress of the Human Mind. In 1968, Paul R. Ehrlich reprised Malthus' argument in The Population Bomb, predicting that mass global famine would occur in the 1970s and 1980s.[129] The predictions of Ehrlich and other neo-Malthusians were vigorously challenged by a number of economists, notably Julian Lincoln Simon, and advances in agriculture, collectively known as the Green Revolution, forestalled any potential global famine in the late 20th century. Between 1950 and 1984, as the Green Revolution transformed agriculture around the world, grain production increased by over 250%.[130] The world population has grown by over four billion since the beginning of the Green Revolution, but food production has so far kept pace with population growth. Most scholars believe that, without the Revolution, there would be greater levels of famine and malnutrition than the UN presently documents.[131] However, neo-Malthusians point out that fossil fuels provided the energy for the Green Revolution, in the form of natural gas-derived fertilizers, oil-derived pesticides, and hydrocarbon-fueled irrigation, and that many crops have become so genetically uniform that a crop failure in any one country could potentially have global repercussions.[132] In 2004, a meta-analysis of 70 quantitative studies estimating a sustainable limit to the world population generated a meta-estimate of 7.7 billion people.[133] In May 2008, the price of grain was pushed up severely by the increased cultivation of biofuels, the increase of world oil prices to over$140 per barrel ($880/m3),[134] global population growth,[135] the effects of climate change,[136] the loss of agricultural land to residential and industrial development,[137][138] and growing consumer demand in the population centres of China and India.[139][140]Food riots subsequently occurred in some countries.[141][142] However, oil prices then fell sharply. Resource demands are expected to ease as population growth declines, but it is unclear whether mass food wastage and rising living standards in developing countries will once again create resource shortages.[143][144] David Pimentel, professor of ecology and agriculture at Cornell University, estimates that the sustainable agricultural carrying capacity for the United States is about 200 million people; its population as of 2015 is over 300 million.[145] In 2009, the UK government's chief scientific advisor, Professor John Beddington, warned that growing populations, falling energy reserves and food shortages would create a "perfect storm" of shortages of food, water, and energy by 2030.[128][146] According to a 2009 report by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the world will have to produce 70% more food by 2050 to feed a projected extra 2.3 billion people.[147] The observed figures for 2007 showed an actual increase in absolute numbers of undernourished people in the world, with 923 million undernourished in 2007, versus 832 million in 1995.[148] The 2009 FAO estimates showed an even more dramatic increase, to 1.02 billion.[149] ### Environmental impacts Illegal slash-and-burn agriculture in Madagascar, 2010 A number of scientists have argued that the current global population expansion and accompanying increase in resource consumption threatens the world's ecosystem.[150][151] The InterAcademy Panel Statement on Population Growth, which was ratified by 58 member national academies in 1994, states that "unprecedented" population growth aggravates many environmental problems, including rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, global warming, and pollution.[152] Indeed, some analysts claim that overpopulation's most serious impact is its effect on the environment.[120] The situation has continued to worsen, as at the time of the 1994 IAP statement, the world population stood at 5.5 billion and lower-bound scenarios predicted a peak of 7.8 billion by 2050, a number that current estimates state will be reached in the late 2020s. Scientists contend that human overpopulation, continued human population growth and overconsumption, particularly by the wealthy, are the primary drivers of mass species extinction.[153][154][155][156] By 2050 population growth, along with profligate consumption, could result in oceans containing more plastic than fish by weight.[155] In November 2017, a statement by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries asserted that rapid human population growth is the "primary driver behind many ecological and even societal threats."[157] A July 2017 study published in Environmental Research Letters argued that the most significant way individuals could mitigate their own carbon footprint is to have fewer children, followed by living without a vehicle, forgoing air travel and adopting a plant-based diet.[158] ### Population control India is predicted to overtake China as the world's most populous country by 2022. Human population control is the practice of intervening to alter the rate of population growth. Historically, human population control has been implemented by limiting a region's birth rate, by voluntary contraception or by government mandate. It has been undertaken as a response to factors including high or increasing levels of poverty, environmental concerns, and religious reasons. The use of abortion in some population control strategies has caused controversy,[159] with religious organizations such as the Roman Catholic Church explicitly opposing any intervention in the human reproductive process.[160] The University of Nebraska publication Green Illusions argues that population control to alleviate environmental pressures need not be coercive. It states that "Women who are educated, economically engaged, and in control of their own bodies can enjoy the freedom of bearing children at their own pace, which happens to be a rate that is appropriate for the aggregate ecological endowment of our planet."[161] The book Fatal Misconception by Matthew Connelly similarly points to the importance of supporting the rights of women in bringing population levels down over time.[162] ## See also ## Notes 1. ^ Excluding its Special Administrative Regions (SARs) of Hong Kong and Macau. 2. ^ Including Central America and the Caribbean. 3. ^ The Antarctic Treaty System limits the nature of national claims in Antarctica. Of the territorial claims in Antarctica, the Ross Dependency has the largest population. 4. ^ Figure refers to Mainland China only. It excludes Taiwan and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau. 5. ^ Figure including Crimea and Sevastopol. ## References 1. ^ "World Population Clock: 7.6 Billion People (2017) - Worldometers". www.worldometers.info. Retrieved . 2. ^ "World Population to Hit Milestone With Birth of 7 Billionth Person". PBS NewsHour. Retrieved 2018. 3. ^ "World population hits 6 billion". 4 March 2004. Retrieved 2018. 4. ^ Jean-Noël Biraben (1980), "An Essay Concerning Mankind's Evolution". Population, Selected Papers. Vol. 4. pp. 1-13. Original paper in French:(b) Jean-Noël Biraben (1979)."Essai sur l'évolution du nombre des hommes". Population. Vol. 34 (no. 1). pp. 13-25. 5. ^ a b "World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations". esa.un.org. Retrieved . 6. ^ "World Population Prospects, 2012 revision (697 million births from 1985-1990)". United Nations. 2012. Archived from the original on August 27, 2014. Retrieved 2015. 7. ^ "Annual number of births - World". United Nations Population Division. 2011. Retrieved 2015. 8. ^ "World Population estimates by the US Census Bureau". USCB. Archived from the original on January 11, 2012. Retrieved 2012. 9. ^ male 29.6, female 31.1 years."CIA, The World Factbook: Field Listing: Median Age". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2018. 10. ^ a b "World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision". UN Population Division. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015.. Linked to at Download Files, where it states that the figures are for July 1 of the given year. 11. ^ "World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision Population Database". United Nations. April 15, 2011. Retrieved 2012. 12. ^ a b "Antarctica". CIA World Factbook. June 19, 2014. Retrieved 2015. 13. ^ https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/largest-cities-in-europe-by-population.html 14. ^ the compound "world population" becomes common from c. the 1930s, adapted from early 20th-century "world's population"; pre-20th century authors use "population of the world". 15. ^ "The population of the world, which Sir W. P. in 1682, stated at only 320 millions, has been estimated by some writers at about 730 millions, by others, at upwards of 900 millions; Mr. Wallace, of Edinburgh, conjectured it might amount to 1000 millions, and this number has since generally been adopted who have noticed the subject;" The Monthly Magazine 4 (July–December 1797), p. 167. 16. ^ 600 million: Simon Gray, The Happiness of States (1818), p. 356. 800 million: Gordon Hall, Samuel Newell, The Conversion of the World (1818), p. 10. 800 to 1000 million: John Redman Coxe, Considerations Respecting the Recognition of Friends in Another World (1845), p. 21 (footnote with references). 17. ^ "Even recent demographic data is accurate only from 3 to 5%, although in demography traditionally more digits are indicated than those having a meaning. This is partially due to the ethical difficulty in rounding off numbers that supposedly represent real people, officially counted during a census." Sergei P Kapitza, 'The phenomenological theory of world population growth', Physics-Uspekhi 39(1) 57-71 (1996). 18. ^ Luc-Normand Tellier (2009). Urban world history: an economic and geographical perspective. PUQ via Google Books. p. 26. ISBN 2-7605-1588-5. 19. ^ Ralph Thomlinson, 1975, Demographic Problems: Controversy over population control, 2nd Ed., Dickenson Publishing Company, Ecino, CA, ISBN 0-8221-0166-1. 20. ^ Dr. Kenneth W. Harl (1998). "Population estimates of the Roman Empire". Tulane.edu. Archived from the original on 2016-05-07. Retrieved 2012. 21. ^ "Plague, Plague Information, Black Death Facts, News, Photos". National Geographic. Retrieved 2008. 22. ^ "History of Europe - Demographic and agricultural growth". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2012. Retrieved 2012. 23. ^ "Historical Estimates of World Population". Census.gov. Retrieved 2016. 24. ^ Jay, Peter (July 17, 2000). "A Distant Mirror". TIME Europe. 156 (3). Archived from the original on July 25, 2008. Retrieved 2014. 25. ^ Horst R. Thieme (2003). Mathematics in population biology. Princeton University Press via Google Books. p. 285. ISBN 0-691-09291-5. 26. ^ Graziella Caselli; Gillaume Wunsch & Jacques Vallin (2005). Demography: Analysis and Synthesis, Four Volume Set: A Treatise in Population. Academic Press via Google Books. p. 34. ISBN 0-12-765660-X. 27. ^ a b Nishijima, Sadao (1986), "The economic and social history of Former Han", in Twitchett, Denis; Loewe, Michael, Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. - A.D. 220, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 595-96. 28. ^ "Qing China's Internal Crisis: Land Shortage, Famine, Rural Poverty". Columbia University: Asia for Educators. 2009. Retrieved 2013. 29. ^ "History of Europe - Demographics". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2013. 30. ^ "China's Population: Readings and Maps". Columbia University: East Asian Curriculum Project. Retrieved 2012. 31. ^ "The Columbian Exchange". University of North Carolina. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved 2012. 32. ^ Collingham, Lizzie (2006). Vindaloo: the Portuguese and the chilli pepper. Curry: A Tale of Cooks and Conquerors. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 47-73. ISBN 978-0-19-988381-3. 33. ^ "Super-Sized Cassava Plants May Help Fight Hunger In Africa". Ohio State University. May 24, 2006. Archived from the original on December 8, 2013. Retrieved 2013. 34. ^ James Brabazon (2000). Albert Schweitzer: a biography. Syracuse University Press via Google Books. p. 242. ISBN 0-8156-0675-3. 35. ^ Snow, D. R (June 16, 1995). "Microchronology and Demographic Evidence Relating to the Size of Pre-Columbian North American Indian Populations". Science. 268 (5217): 1601-1604. Bibcode:1995Sci...268.1601S. doi:10.1126/science.268.5217.1601. Retrieved 2013. 36. ^ Arthur C. Aufderheide; Conrado Rodríguez-Martín & Odin Langsjoen (1998). The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology. Cambridge University Press via Google Books. p. 205. ISBN 0-521-55203-6. 37. ^ "The Story Of... Smallpox - and other Deadly Eurasian Germs". Public Broadcasting Service. 2005. Retrieved 2013. 38. ^ Austin Alchon, Suzanne (2003). A pest in the land: new world epidemics in a global perspective. University of New Mexico Press. p. 31. ISBN 0-8263-2871-7. 39. ^ "World Demographics Profile 2012". Index Mundi. Retrieved 2012. 40. ^ "By 2050, 70% of the world's population will be urban. Is that a good thing?". Fast Co. Design. 2012. Retrieved 2012. 41. ^ Population crises and cycles in history - A review by Claire Russell and W.M.S. Russell, Vicnet.net.au, archived from the original on April 5, 2011, retrieved 2015 42. ^ Buer, Mabel C. (1926). Health, Wealth and Population in the Early Days of the Industrial Revolution. London: George Routledge & Sons. p. 30. ISBN 0-415-38218-1. 43. ^ "The Foundling Hospital". BBC History. October 5, 2012. Retrieved 2013. 44. ^ "Modernization - Population Change". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2013. 45. ^ Graziella Caselli; Gillaume Wunsch & Jacques Vallin (2005). Demography: Analysis and Synthesis, Four Volume Set: A Treatise in Population. Academic Press via Google Books. p. 42. ISBN 0-12-765660-X. 46. ^ "Victorian Medicine - From Fluke to Theory". BBC History. February 1, 2002. Retrieved 2013. 47. ^ "A portrait of Britain in 2031". The Independent. October 24, 2007. Retrieved 2013. 48. ^ "UK population breaks through 60m". BBC News. August 24, 2006. Retrieved 2012. 49. ^ "US population through history". About.com. Retrieved 2012. 50. ^ Jay Winter, Emmanuel Sivan (2000). War and Remembrance in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge University Press. p. 64. ISBN 0521794366. 51. ^ Mark Harrison (2002). Accounting for War: Soviet Production, Employment, and the Defence Burden, 1940-1945. Cambridge University Press via Google Books. p. 167. ISBN 0-521-89424-7. 52. ^ "Vladimir Putin vows to reverse Russian population decline". The Daily Telegraph. February 13, 2012. Retrieved 2012. 53. ^ "Russia's Population Decline Said To Have 'Stopped'". Radio Free Europe. May 27, 2013. Retrieved 2013. 54. ^ "China's demographic evolution 1850-1953 reconsidered". The China Quarterly: 639-646. 1978. JSTOR 652987. 55. ^ "Reintegrating India with the World Economy" (PDF). Peterson Institute for International Economics. 2003. Retrieved 2012. 56. ^ "The World Factbook -- Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Retrieved . 57. ^ "Java (island, Indonesia)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2013. 58. ^ Jorge Durand (March 2004). "From Traitors to Heroes: 100 Years of Mexican Migration Policies". University of Guadalajara. Retrieved 2013. 59. ^ "Population and Housing Census: Mexico 2010" (PDF). University of Minnesota. March 3, 2011. Retrieved 2013. 60. ^ Gunnar Heinsohn (January 7, 2008). "Kenya's Violence: Exploding population". The New York Times. Retrieved 2013. 61. ^ "The World at Six Billion: Introduction" (PDF). United Nations. 1999. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 5, 2016. Retrieved 2013. 62. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau - World POPClock Projection". July 2013. The number on this page is automatically updated daily. 63. ^ "Population seven billion: UN sets out challenges". BBC News. October 26, 2011. Retrieved 2011. 64. ^ Coleman, Jasmine (October 31, 2011). "World's 'seven billionth baby' is born". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2011. 65. ^ "7 billion people is a 'serious challenge". UPI. October 31, 2011. Retrieved 2011. 66. ^ a b 67. ^ a b "Key Findings". Long-Range Population Projections (PDF). Proceedings of the United Nations Technical Working Group on Long-Range Population Projections. New York: United Nations: Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2003. Retrieved 2010. 68. ^ a b "Total fertility estimates, 1950-2010". UN Population Division. April 2011. Retrieved 2012. 69. ^ "World Population Prospects, the 2008 Revision - Frequently Asked Questions". Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat. November 10, 2010. Retrieved 2015. 70. ^ a b "World Health Statistics 2016: Monitoring health for the SDGs Annex B: tables of health statistics by country, WHO region and globally" (PDF). World Health Organization. 2016. p. 110. Retrieved 2018. 71. "World Demographics Profile 2011". Index Mundi. Retrieved 2011. 72. ^ "Sex-ratio imbalance in Asia: Trends, consequences and policy responses" (PDF). UNFPA. 2007. Retrieved 2012. 73. ^ "World Demographics Profile 2014". Index Mundi. Retrieved 2014. 74. ^ Janneh, Abdoulie (April 2012). "General debate on national experience in population matters: adolescents and youth" (PDF). United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. Retrieved 2014. 75. ^ "Global weight gain more damaging than rising numbers". BBC. June 18, 2012. Retrieved 2013. 76. ^ "World". CIA World Factbook. 2015. Retrieved 2015. 77. ^ "What It Will Take to 'Graduate' 1.2 Billion People Out of Extreme Poverty". The Huffington Post. April 4, 2012. Retrieved 2012. 78. ^ Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, The State of Food Insecurity in the World. WorldHunger.org. 2012. Retrieved April 26, 2012. 79. ^ "Statistics". Internet World Stats. June 30, 2014. Retrieved 2015. 80. ^ "World's Most Typical Person: Han Chinese Man". Wall Street Journal. March 4, 2011. Retrieved November 18, 2011. 81. ^ Religions by adherents. Adherents.com. 2005 data. Retrieved December 19, 2011. 82. ^ "Chinese Official Population Clock (updated daily, in Chinese)". National Bureau of Statistics of China. Retrieved 2016. 83. ^ 84. ^ 85. ^ "Official annual projection". Retrieved 2018. 86. ^ http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/. Missing or empty |title= (help) 87. ^ "Official population clock". IBGE.gov.br. 88. ^ "Population, total". World Bank. 2014. Retrieved 2015. 89. ^ "Official population clock". BBS.gov.bd. Archived from the original on September 4, 2011. Retrieved 2014. 90. ^ "Official estimate (including Crimea and Sevastopol)". GKS.ru. Retrieved 2018. 91. ^ "Japan population". Official Japan Statistics Bureau. Retrieved 2017. 92. ^ a b Demetriou, Danielle (April 17, 2013). "Japan's population suffers biggest fall in history". Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 2013. 93. ^ "The limits of a Green Revolution?". BBC News. March 29, 2007. Retrieved 2010. 94. ^ "The Real Green Revolution". Energybulletin.net. Archived from the original on April 22, 2008. Retrieved 2010. 95. ^ "World Population to 2300" (PDF). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2004. Retrieved 2013. 96. ^ "International Programs". USCB. January 7, 2009. Retrieved 2012. 97. ^ Ron Nielsen (2006). The Little Green Handbook. New York: Picador. ISBN 0-312-42581-3. 98. ^ "2006 report highlights" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 2010. 99. ^ "UN population estimates and projections, database query, August 2009". United Nations. March 11, 2009. Retrieved 2010. 100. ^ Randers, Jorgen (2012). 2052: A Global Forecast for the Next Forty Years. Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing. p. 62. 101. ^ World population to keep growing this century, hit 11 billion by 2100. UWToday. September 18, 2014 102. ^ a b 103. ^ "The World at Six Billion". United Nations. October 12, 1999. Retrieved 2010. 104. ^ "Population Growth over Human History". University of Michigan. January 4, 2006. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved 2013. 105. ^ a b Figures include the former Soviet countries in Europe. Caselli, Graziella; Gillaume Wunsch; Jacques Vallin (December 20, 2005). Demography: Analysis and Synthesis, Four Volume Set: A Treatise in Population. Academic Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-12-765660-1. 106. ^ a b "UN report - 2004 data" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 5, 2016. Retrieved 2010. 107. ^ 108. ^ "The World at Six Billion". UN Population Division. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016., Table 2 109. ^ Fewer than 15,000 individuals, according to the Toba catastrophe theory, though this theory has been criticized by some scientists. See: "Toba super-volcano catastrophe idea "dismissed"". BBC News. April 30, 2013. Retrieved 2015. 110. ^ An approximation based on figures from different sources as listed at the US Census Bureau's Historical Estimates of World Population; see also *Kremer, Michael (1993). "Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million B.C. to 1990". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 108 (3): 681-716. doi:10.2307/2118405. JSTOR 2118405. 111. ^ An approximation based on figures from different sources as listed at the US Census Bureau's Total Midyear Population for the World: 1950-2050 112. ^ "Notes on the World POPClock and World Vital Events". US Census Bureau. Retrieved 2013. 113. ^ "World Population Prospects, the 2012 Revision - "Low variant" and "High variant" values". UN. 2012. Retrieved 2013. 114. ^ "World population projected to reach 9.6 billion by 2050 - UN report". UN News Centre. June 14, 2013. Retrieved 2013. 115. ^ "A model predicts that the world's populations will stop growing in 2050". ScienceDaily.com. April 4, 2013. Retrieved 2013. 116. ^ Carrington, Damien (September 18, 2014). "World population to hit 12bn in 2100 - with 70% chance of continuous rise". The Guardian. Retrieved 2014. 117. ^ Gerland, P.; Raftery, A. E.; Ev Ikova, H.; Li, N.; Gu, D.; Spoorenberg, T.; Alkema, L.; Fosdick, B. K.; Chunn, J.; Lalic, N.; Bay, G.; Buettner, T.; Heilig, G. K.; Wilmoth, J. (September 14, 2014). "World population stabilization unlikely this century". Science. AAAS. 346 (6206): 234-7. Bibcode:2014Sci...346..234G. doi:10.1126/science.1257469. ISSN 1095-9203. PMC 4230924. PMID 25301627. Retrieved 2014. 118. ^ Peter P. Rogers; Kazi F. Jalal & John A. Boyd (2008). An Introduction To Sustainable Development. Earthscan via Google Books. p. 53. ISBN 9781849770477. 119. ^ a b "Overpopulation's Real Victim Will Be the Environment". TIME. October 26, 2011. Retrieved 2013. 120. ^ Zehner, Ozzie (2012). Green Illusions. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 187-331. 121. ^ a b 122. ^ "World Population - Total Midyear Population for the World: 1950-2050". Census.gov. July 2015. Retrieved 2016. 123. ^ Sebastien von Hoerner (1975). "Population Explosion and Interstellar Expansion". Journal of the British Interplanetary Society (28): 691-712. 124. ^ Introduction to Social Macrodynamics. Andrey Korotayev et al. For a rigorous mathematical analysis of this issue, see "A Compact Mathematical Model of the World System Economic and Demographic Growth, 1 CE - 1973 CE". 125. ^ Kapitsa, Sergei P. (1996). "The phenomenological theory of world population growth". Physics-Uspekhi. 39 (1): 57-71. Bibcode:1996PhyU...39...57K. doi:10.1070/pu1996v039n01abeh000127. Archived from the original on May 11, 2009. Retrieved . 126. ^ Lutz, Wolfgang; Sanderson, Warren; Scherbov, Sergei (1997-06-19). "Doubling of world population unlikely". Nature. 387 (6635): 803-805. doi:10.1038/42935. PMID 9194559. Retrieved . 127. ^ a b "World faces 'perfect storm' of problems by 2030, chief scientist to warn". The Guardian. March 18, 2009. Retrieved 2013. 128. ^ Jowit, Juliette (October 23, 2011). "Paul Ehrlich, a prophet of global population doom who is gloomier than ever". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2013. 129. ^ Kindall, Henery W & Pimentel, David (May 1994). "Constraints on the Expansion of the Global Food Supply". Ambio. 23 (3). 130. ^ "The limits of a Green Revolution?". BBC News. March 29, 2007. Retrieved 2013. 131. ^ "Host Plant Resistance and Conservation of Genetic Diversity". Radcliffe's IPM World Textbook. University of Minnesota. March 2013. Retrieved 2013. 132. ^ van den Bergh, Jeroen C. J. M.; Rietveld, Piet (2004). "Reconsidering the Limits to World Population: Meta-analysis and Meta-prediction". BioScience. 54 (3): 195. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0195:RTLTWP]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0006-3568. 133. ^ "The global grain bubble". Christian Science Monitor. January 18, 2008. Retrieved 2013. 134. ^ James Randerson, science correspondent (March 7, 2008). "Food crisis will take hold before climate change, warns chief scientist". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2013. 135. ^ John Vidal, environment editor (November 3, 2007). "Global food crisis looms as climate change and fuel shortages bite". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2013. 136. ^ Walsoft (February 22, 2008). "Experts: Global Food Shortages Could 'Continue for Decades'". Marketoracle.co.uk. Retrieved 2013. 137. ^ Moya K. Mason. "Has Urbanization Caused a Loss to Agricultural Land?". Moyak.com. Retrieved 2013. 138. ^ Walt, Vivienne (February 27, 2008). "The World's Growing Food-Price Crisis". Time. Retrieved 2013. 139. ^ "The cost of food: Facts and figures". BBC. October 16, 2008. Retrieved February 18, 2013. 140. ^ Julian Borger (February 26, 2008). "Feed the world? We are fighting a losing battle, UN admits". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2013. 141. ^ Buchanan, Emily (April 22, 2008). "Assessing the global food crisis". BBC News. Retrieved 2010. 142. ^ "Half of all food 'wasted' report claims". BBC. January 10, 2013. Retrieved 2013. 143. ^ "Oil shock could push world food prices higher". CNN Money. March 3, 2011. Retrieved 2013. 144. ^ P. Crabbè (2000). Implementing ecological integrity: restoring regional and global environmental and human health. North Atlantic Treaty Organization Scientific Affairs Division/Springer. p. 411. ISBN 0-7923-6351-5. 145. ^ "Global crisis 'to strike by 2030". BBC News. March 19, 2009. Retrieved 2013. 146. ^ "Global food production will have to increase 70% for additional 2.3 billion people by 2050". Finfacts.com. September 24, 2009. Retrieved 2013. 147. ^ "The State of Food Insecurity in the World, 2008: High food prices and food security - threats and opportunities". UN Food and Agriculture Organization - Economic and Social Development Department. 2008. p. 2. Retrieved 2012. 148. ^ "One sixth of humanity undernourished - more than ever before". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2009. Retrieved 2012. 149. ^ "Ecological Debt Day". Archived from the original on December 17, 2008. Retrieved 2013. 150. ^ "Planetary Boundaries: Specials". Nature. September 23, 2009. Retrieved 2013. 151. ^ "IAP (login required)". InterAcademies.net. Archived from the original on February 10, 2010. Retrieved 2013. 152. ^ Pimm, S. L.; Jenkins, C. N.; Abell, R.; Brooks, T. M.; Gittleman, J. L.; Joppa, L. N.; Raven, P. H.; Roberts, C. M.; Sexton, J. O. (30 May 2014). "The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection" (PDF). Science. 344 (6187): 1246752. doi:10.1126/science.1246752. PMID 24876501. Retrieved 2016. The overarching driver of species extinction is human population growth and increasing per capita consumption. 153. ^ Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Barnosky, Anthony D.; García, Andrés; Pringle, Robert M.; Palmer, Todd M. (2015). "Accelerated modern human-induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction". Science Advances. 1 (5): e1400253. Bibcode:2015SciA....1E0253C. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1400253. 154. ^ a b Sutter, John D. (December 12, 2016). "How to stop the sixth mass extinction". CNN. Retrieved 2016. 155. ^ Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R; Dirzo, Rodolfo (23 May 2017). "Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines". PNAS. 114: 201704949. doi:10.1073/pnas.1704949114. PMC 5544311. PMID 28696295. Much less frequently mentioned are, however, the ultimate drivers of those immediate causes of biotic destruction, namely, human overpopulation and continued population growth, and overconsumption, especially by the rich. These drivers, all of which trace to the fiction that perpetual growth can occur on a finite planet, are themselves increasing rapidly. 156. ^ Ripple WJ, Wolf C, Newsome TM, Galetti M, Alamgir M, Crist E, Mahmoud MI, Laurance WF (13 November 2017). "World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice". BioScience. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix125. 157. ^ Perkins, Sid (July 11, 2017). "The best way to reduce your carbon footprint is one the government isn't telling you about". Science. Retrieved 2017. 158. ^ Some population control programs, such as China's one-child policy, entail the use of forced late-term abortions, sparking domestic anger and international condemnation: "China one-child policy leads to forced abortions, mothers' deaths". Los Angeles Times. June 15, 2012. Retrieved 2012. 159. ^ "Fighting poverty to build peace". Vatican. January 1, 2009. Retrieved 2011. 160. ^ Zehmer, Ozzie (2012). Green lllusions. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska. p. 188. 161. ^ Connelly, Matthew (2008). Fatal Misconception: The Struggle to Control World Population. Harvard University Press via Google Books. ISBN 9780674029835. This article uses material from the Wikipedia page available here. It is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0. Connect with defaultLogic What We've Done Led Digital Marketing Efforts of Top 500 e-Retailers. Worked with Top Brands at Leading Agencies. Successfully Managed Over$50 million in Digital Ad Spend.
Developed Strategies and Processes that Enabled Brands to Grow During an Economic Downturn.